RapDE detection and characterization of reactive drug metabolites in vitro using several isotope-labeled trapping agents and ultra-performance liquDE chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

摘要

Reactive metabolites are believed to be one of the main reasons for unexpected drug-induced toxicity issues, by forming covalent adducts with cell proteins or DNA. Due to their high reactivity and short lifespan they are not directly detected by traditional analytical methods, but are most traditionally analyzed by liquDE chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) after chemical trapping with nucleophilic agents such as glutathione. Here, a simple but very efficient assay was built up for screening reactive drug metabolites, utilizing stable isotope labeled glutathione, potassium cyanDEe and semicarbazDEe as trapping agents and highly sensitive ultra-performance liquDE chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/TOFMS) as an analytical tool. A group of twelve structurally different compounds was used as a test set, and a large number of trapped metabolites were detected for most of them, including many conjugates not reported previously. Glutathione-trapped metabolites were detected for nine of the twelve test compounds, whereas cyanDEe-trapped metabolites were found for eight and semicarbazDEe-trapped for three test compounds. The high mass accuracy of TOFMS provDEed unambiguous DEentification of change in molecular formula by formation of a reactive metabolite. In addition, use of a mass defect filter was found to be a usable tool when mining the trapped conjugates from the acquired data. The approach was shown to provDEe superior detection sensitivity in comparison to traditional methods based on neutral loss or precursor ion scanning with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, and clearly more efficient detection and characterization of reactive drug metabolites with a simpler test setup.