Metros in Warsaw and Munich are the latest to use LED technologies to enable striking interior design features. LED lighting is now well established in rail interior design. "The power savings, ability to be dimmed, cool beam and low maintenance costs LEDs offer are decreasing typical lighting systems' lifecycle costs considerably, " says Martin Ramsden, engineering manager at LPA Excil Electronics, an early adopter of the technology. One advantage of LEDs is that the dimming interface can be pulsewidth modulation (PWM) or vehicle-supply logic-level binary code, permitting various illumination levels, including emergency mode. "Today, the only newly designed rolling stock using fluorescent lamps tend to be in lower GDP countries with low labour and energy costs, therefore not justifying the use of LEDs, " Ramsden says. "The day is fast approaching when fluorescent lamps in trains will be a thing of the past."
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