Evaluation of ultrasonic aggregate stability and rainfall erosion resistance of disturbed and amended soils in the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA.

摘要

Application of organic soil amendments to disturbed soil has been shown to improve aggregate stability and reduce soil susceptibility to erosion. Employing ultrasonic aggregate stability assessment techniques described earlier [Fristensky, A. and Grismer, M.E., 2008. A simultaneous model for ultrasonic aggregate stability assessment. Catena, 74: 153-164.], we assess the effect of two experimental organic soil amendments - a compost and a woodchip mulch incorporated at a rate of 2000-6000 kg ha-1 N-equivalence - on soil aggregation and aggregate stability at four drastically disturbed sites within the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. Experimental plots were established 1-3 years prior to testing. The soils were of granitic or volcanic origin, and disturbed by either ski run or road development. Soil treatments were observed to significantly (p<0.05) increase both aggregation (300% average increase) and ultrasonic aggregate stability (600% average increase) relative to the untreated soil. However, at the two sites disturbed by ski run development, the control treatment (tilling and surface application of pine-needle mulch) performed comparably to the two incorporated compost treatments, suggesting that the effects of the experimental amendments on aggregation were negligible at these sites, or their effective duration was shorter than the evaluation period. Rainfall simulations (72-120 mm h-1) were performed on the treatment plots, and results were compared with the ultrasonic aggregate stability indices. Significant (p<0.05) positive correlations were obtained between the measurements of aggregate instability and indices of soil susceptibility to runoff, including steady-state infiltration rate (measured values between 1 and 120 mm h-1), and the level of kinetic energy of applied rainfall at which runoff commences (EBR, measured values between 12 and 224 J m-2). However, no correlation was found between the ultrasonic aggregate stability indices and observed soil erosion variables. Interestingly, positive relationships (p<0.05) were observed between both infiltration rate and EBR and the proportion of 2-20 micro m and <2 micro m particles liberated from the largest aggregates detected in each soil. Our results suggest that ultrasonic aggregate stability indices may be useful indicators of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion under rainfall.