Ensuring that performance also 'functions' over longer term.

摘要

Genetic trends in German Holstein bulls are discussed, based on relationships between relative milking breeding value (RZM), breeding value of direct usage period (RZN direct), and realtive breeding value of somatic cell count (RZS). Parameters are listed to describe function-based indices such as udder health, claw health, physiological stability (including physiological disorders and body condition scores), maternal fertility, maternal and paternal aspects of first calving. The importance of breeding for functionality and stability rather than large beautiful cows is emphasized.