Pronounced warming in the Arctic region, coined Arctic amplification, is an important feature of observed and modelled climate change~(1,2). Arctic amplification is generally attributed to the retreat of sea-ice~3 and snow, and the associated surface-albedo feedback4, in conjunction with other processes~(5-8). In addition, the predominant thermal surface inversion in winter has been suggested to pose a negative feedback to Arctic warming by enhancing infrared radiative cooling~9. Here we use the coupled climate model EC-Earth~(10) in idealized climate change experiments to quantify the individual contributions of the surface and the atmosphere to infrared radiative cooling. We find that the surface inversion in fact intensifies Arctic amplification, because the ability of the Arctic wintertime clear-sky atmosphere to cool to space decreases with inversion strength. Specifically, we find that the cold layers close to the surface in Arctic winter, where most of the warming takes place, hardly contribute to the infrared radiation that goes out to space. Instead, the additional radiation that is generated by the warming of these layers is directed downwards, and thus amplifies the warming. We conclude that the predominant Arctic wintertime temperature inversion damps infrared cooling of the system, and thus constitutes a positive warming feedback.
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