Anatomic-pathophysiologic approach to hemodynamics: complementary roles of noninvasive and invasive diagnostic modalities.

摘要

Symptoms and physical signs reflect distinct pathophysiologic derangements of anatomic components and mechanics, a construct that serves as the foundation for clinical evaluation of the cardiovascular system. Evaluation of hemodynamic derangements should be based on interrogation of a cardiac anatomic-physiologic approach to circulatory pathophysiology. This article illustrates a pragmatic problem-solving approach to 3 cardinal hemodynamic symptoms and clinical syndromes: right heart failure, dyspnea, and low-output hypotension. This treatise focuses primarily on the complementary roles of noninvasive and invasive diagnostic studies in clinical hemodynamic assessment.