The enemy within: Autocorrelation bias in content analysis of narratives

摘要

Many content analysis studies involving temporal data are biased by some unknown dose of autocorrelation. The effect of autocorrelation is to inflate or deflate the significant differences that may exist among the different parts of texts being compared. The solution consists in removing effects due to autocorrelation, even if the latter is not statistically significant. Procedures such as Crosbie's (1993) ITSACORR remove the effect of at least first-order autocorrelations and can be used with small samples. The AREG procedure of SPSS (1994) and the AUTOREG procedure of SAS (1993) can be employed to detect and remove first-order autocorrelations, and higher-order ones too in the case of AUTOREG, while several methods specifically intended for small samples (Huitema and McKean, 1991, 1994) have been developed. Four examples of content analysis studies with and without autocorrelation are discussed.