Seamount Characteristics and Mine-Site Model Applied to Exploration- and Mining-Lease-Block Selection for Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts

摘要

Regulations are being developed through the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) for the exploration and mining of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. This paper lays out geologic and geomorphologic criteria that can be used to determine the size and number of exploration and mine-site blocks that will be the focus of much discussion within the ISBA Council deliberations. The surface areas of 155 volcanic edifices in the central equatorial Pacific were measured and used to develop a mine-site model. The mine-site model considers areas above 2,500 m water depth as permissive, and narrows the general area available for exploration and mining to 20 percent of that permissive area. It is calculated that about eighteen 100 km2 exploration blocks, each composed of five 20 km~2 contiguous sub-blocks, would be adequate to identify a 260 km~2 20-year-mine site; the mine site would be composed of thirteen of the 20 km~2 sub-blocks. In this hypothetical example, the 260 km mine site would be spread over four volcanic edifices and comprise 3.7 percent of the permissive area of the four edifices and 0.01 percent of the total area of those four edifices. The eighteen 100 km2 exploration blocks would be selected from a limited geographic area. That confinement area is defined as having a long dimension of not more than 1,000 km and an area of not more than 300,000 km~2.