Emigration patterns of age 0 and age 1 potamodromous rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta from two Missouri River tributaries, Montana, USA

摘要

Daily emigrations of non-native age 0 and age 1 potamodromous (fluvial) rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta were investigated in two Missouri River tributaries, USA over the period 1998-2002. The patterns of emigration for both age 0 and age 1 fish of both species were highly variable, sometimes showing bimodal (spring and fall) emigrations and other times less well defined patterns. Peak timing of age 0 emigration was also highly variable among years (up to 5 months) and more variable than the timing of age 1 emigrations (more than two months). Emigrations were preferentially associated with increasing photoperiod before June 22, with water temperatures from 7.5 to 12.5 degrees C, and often followed sudden increases in stream discharge. More emigrations were associated with the new moon phase as opposed to the full moon phase. In an analysis of models of emigration (2 rivers x 2 species x 2 ages/species x 31 model combinations for five categorical variables-year, temperature, discharge, moon phase, and photoperiod) using the information-theoretic approach, none of the models were especially effective at explaining emigrations; for the 16 models (i.e. the two with the lowest AIC per river, species and age), no corresponding multiple linear regression model explained more than 41 % of the emigration, and most other models explained considerably less. Results of this study suggest that emigrations of both brown and rainbow trout as part of their fluvial life histories are potentially influenced by a variety of environmental factors, and can be expected to show considerable variation yearly based on the complex, poorly defined genetic origins of the fish and the highly variable climatic conditions associated with the Missouri River Basin.