Pan-European delta 13C values of air and organic matter from forest ecosystems.

摘要

We present carbon stable isotope, delta 13C, results from air and organic matter samples collected during 98 individual field campaigns across a network of Carboeuroflux forest sites in 2001 (14 sites) and 2002 (16 sites). Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that delta 13C values derived from large-scale atmospheric measurements and models, which are routinely used to partition carbon fluxes between land and ocean, and potentially between respiration and photosynthesis on land, are consistent with directly measured ecosystem-scale delta 13C values. In this framework, we also tested the potential of delta 13C in canopy air and plant organic matter to record regional-scale ecophysiological patterns. Our network estimates for the mean delta 13C of ecosystem respired CO2 and the related 'discrimination' of ecosystem respiration, delta er and Delta er, respectively, were -25.6+or-1.9 per mil and 17.8 +or-2.0 per mil in 2001 and -26.6+or-1.5 per mil and 19.0+or-1.6 per mil in 2002. The results were in close agreement with delta 13C values derived from regional-scale atmospheric measurement programs for 2001, but less so in 2002, which had an unusual precipitation pattern. This suggests that regional-scale atmospheric sampling programs generally capture ecosystem delta 13C signals over Europe, but may be limited in capturing some of the interannual variations. In 2001, but less so in 2002, there were discernable longitudinal and seasonal trends in delta er. From west to east, across the network, there was a general enrichment in 13C (~3 per mil and ~1 per mil for the 2 years, respectively) consistent with increasing Gorczynski continentality index for warmer and drier conditions. In 2001 only, seasonal 13C enrichment between July and September, followed by depletion in November (from about -26.0 per mil to -24.5 per mil to -30.0 per mil), was also observed. In 2001, July and August delta er values across the network were significantly related to average daytime vapour pressure deficit (VPD), relative humidity (RH), and, to a lesser degree, air temperature (Ta), but not significantly with monthly average precipitation (Pm). In contrast, in 2002 (a much wetter peak season), delta er was significantly related with Ta, but not significantly with VPD and RH. The important role of plant physiological processes on delta er in 2001 was emphasized by a relatively rapid turnover (between 1 and 6 days) of assimilated carbon inferred from time-lag analyses of delta er vs. meteorological parameters. However, this was not evident in 2002. These analyses also noted corresponding diurnal cycles of delta er and meteorological parameters in 2001, indicating a rapid transmission of daytime meteorology, via physiological responses, to the delta er signal during this season. Organic matter delta 13C results showed progressive 13C enrichment from leaves, through stems and roots to soil organic matter, which may be explained by 13C fractionation during respiration. This enrichment was species dependent and was prominent in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. delta 13C values of organic matter of any of the plant components did not well represent short-term delta er values during the seasonal cycle, and could not be used to partition ecosystem respiration into autotrophic and heterotrophic components..