Long-term CO sub(2) production from deeply weathered soils of a tropical rain forest: evidence for a potential positive feedback to climate warming

摘要

Currently, it is unknown what role tropical forest soils will play in the future global carbon cycle under higher temperatures. Many tropical forests grow on deeply weathered soils and although it is generally accepted that soil carbon decomposition increases with higher temperatures, it is not known whether subsurface carbon pools are particularly responsive to increasing soil temperatures. Carbon dioxide (CO sub(2)) diffusing out of soils is an important flux in the global carbon. Although soil CO sub(2) efflux has been the subject of many studies in recent years, it remains difficult to deduct controls of this flux because of the different sources that produce CO sub(2) and because potential environmental controls like soil temperature and soil moisture often covary. Here, we report results of a 5-year study in which we measured soil CO sub(2) production on two deeply weathered soil types at different depths in an old-growth tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Three sites were developed on old river terraces (old alluvium) and the other three were developed on old lava flows (residual). Annual soil CO sub(2) efflux varied between 2.8-3.6 mu mol CO sub(2)-C m super(-2) s super(-1) (old alluvium) and 3.4-3.9 mu mol CO sub(2)-C m super(-2) s super(-1) (residual). More than 75% of the CO sub(2) was produced in the upper 0.5 m (including litter layer) and less than 7% originated from the soil below 1 m depth. This low contribution was explained by the lack of water stress in this tropical wet forest which has resulted in very low root biomass below 2 m depth. In the top 0.5 m CO sub(2) production was positively correlated with both temperature and soil moisture; between 0.6 and 2 m depth CO sub(2) production correlated negatively with soil moisture in one soil and positively with photosynthetically active radiation in the other soil type. Below 2 m soil CO sub(2) production strongly increased with increasing temperature. In combination with reduced tree growth that has been shown for this ecosystem, this would be a strong positive feedback to ecosystem warming.