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Plastic Responses to Temperature Versus Local Adaptation at the Cold Extreme of the Climate Gradient

机译:在气候梯度寒冷的极端条件下,温度对塑性的响应与局部适应的关系

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Climate is a strong selection agent at high elevations, but experimental examinations of how animals exclusive of highlands cope with its variation are scarce. We analysed temperature-induced variation of early ontogenetic traits in the alpine grasshopper Chorthippus cazurroi, and compared populations from the elevational extremes of the species distribution under laboratory conditions spanning natural temperature ranges. Neither elevation of origin, nor different growing temperatures, had a direct effect on nymph body size, but both factors contributed to size at hatching indirectly, via their effect on the duration of embryo development. Large emerging nymphs had a consistently greater survival, although small and fast-developing nymphs from highlands also performed well at low temperatures. Viability selection favoured fast-developing phenotypes in conditions in which plasticity delayed development, in a typical countergradient pattern. Growth in the successive stage did not compensate for slow development at hatching, thus responses at this early stage have potential long-lasting consequences. Although phenotypic selection during early development certifies the strength of selection imposed by cold temperatures in the laboratory, elevation clines of body size did not emerge in either nymphs or the wild parental generation. Differentiation in the wild may be levelled out by fecundity selection for large sizes, drift and gene flow resulting from the fragmentation and proximity of populations, or by micro-climatic differences that reduce the likelihood of directional selection. There is therefore potential for local adaptation to temperature, but a series of conditions typical of alpine environments and ectotherms may impair, confound or constrain full differentiation along the gradient.
机译:在高海拔地区,气候是一种很强的选择剂,但缺乏对高海拔地区以外的动物如何应对气候变化的实验性研究很少。我们分析了温度引起的高寒蝗Chorthippus cazurroi早期个体发育性状的变化,并比较了在实验室条件下跨越自然温度范围的物种分布的海拔极端种群。起源的升高或生长温度的不同都对若虫的体型没有直接的影响,但是这两个因素都通过影响胚胎发育的时间间接地影响了孵化的大小。大型新兴若虫的存活率始终较高,尽管来自高地的小型和快速发展的若虫在低温下也表现良好。在可塑性以典型的反梯度模式延迟发育的条件下,生存力选择有利于快速发展的表型。接续阶段的增长不能弥补孵化的缓慢发展,因此在此阶段的响应可能会产生长期持续的后果。尽管在早期发育过程中进行表型选择证明了实验室在低温条件下的选择强度,但若虫或野生亲代均未出现体重上升的趋势。野生生物的分化可以通过对大尺寸的繁殖力选择,种群的分裂和接近造成的漂移和基因流动,或通过减少定向选择可能性的微气候差异而得以解决。因此有可能局部适应温度,但是一系列典型的高山环境和等温条件可能会削弱,混淆或限制沿梯度的完全分化。

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