Poor control of the horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae), by native European parasitoids: a synchronisation problem

摘要

Horse chestnut trees in many regions of Europe have suffered from epidemic infestations of C. ohridella for more than ten years. There has been no obvious decrease in the infestation level anywhere on the continent. One reason is, that the native natural enemies have not been able to control mass outbreaks of the leafminer. Parasitoid Hymenoptera have very little impact on file first generation of the moth in early summer, regardless of the number of parasitoids that overwintered in horse chestnut leaves. This study revealed that there is a considerable time lag between the emergence of the parasitoids from the leaflitter in spring and the appearance of suitable host instars in early summer. The poor control of C. ohridella by natural enemies may partly be due to the poor synchronisation between the life cycles of the introduced host and native parasitoid wasps.