Chromosome aberrations were studied in peripheral lymphocytes from 50 patients treated with melphalan against ovarian carcinoma. The chromosome analyses were carried out 4–132 months (mean 57 months) after the end of melphalan therapy. Most of the patients were studied several times during four years. The mean frequency of cells with chromosome and chromatid aberrations was 5.4 in the patients and 2.3 in an untreated control group. The highest aberration frequency (average 18) was found in a patient who later developed gastric carcinoma. The dominating types of berrations in the patients were chromosome exchanges occurring as single marker chromosomes or as multiple chromosome rearrangements. These types of aberrations were found in only 0.3 of the control cells as compared to 3.8 of the patient cells. Patients with a high total dose of melphalan (above 420 mg) and a long duration of the therapy (average 22.5 months) had a higher frequency of cells with aberrations (6.3) than patients with a lower total dose (below 420 mg) and a shorter therapy (12 months) (4.2). No additive effect of radiation therapy was observed on the aberration frequenc
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