Challenges in assessing fish welfare.

摘要

Descriptions of feeling states in nonhuman animals have relied on indirect evidence from empirical data. Assumptions that fi sh do not experience suffering lack evidence and in fact contradict a large body of indirect scientifi c evidence and ethical concern. Why should the burden of proof rest on those defending the hypothesis that fi sh feel pain and other discomfort? In this article I address this controversy and describe typical methods—and the problems associated with them—to identify animal welfare (feeling-based, physiological, and behavioral approaches intended to demonstrate feelings and welfare states). Then I urge a shift in scientifi c focus from efforts to either identify an internal state of wellbeing or determine whether an organism suffers, to efforts to identify conditions that promote a “good state” for an animal (i.e., a state it would choose). For this approach, I discuss preference tests and their implications for scientifi c research, teaching, aquarism, and fi shing.