We define two concordance invariants of knots using framed instanton homology. These invariants nu# and tau# provide bounds on slice genus and maximum self-linking number, and the latter is a concordance homomorphism which agrees in all known cases with the tau invariant in Heegaard Floer homology. We use nu# and tau# to compute the framed instanton homology of all nonzero rational Dehn surgeries on: 20 of the 35 nontrivial prime knots through eight crossings, infinite families of twist and pretzel knots, and instanton L-space knots; and of 19 of the first 20 closed hyperbolic manifolds in the Hodgson-Weeks census. In another application, we determine when the cable of a knot is an instanton L-space knot. Finally, we discuss applications to the spectral sequence from odd Khovanov homology to the framed instanton homology of branched double covers, and to the behaviors of tau# and tau under genus-2 mutation.
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