Management of Phytonematodes through Biointensive Approaches

摘要

Bio-intensive incorporates ecological, economic in agricultural system, public concerns about environmental and food safety. The bio-intensive is providing options for the effective management of pests and beneficial organisms in an ecological contextand environmental compatibility to make useful in all types of cropping systems. The bio-intensive can reduced chemical input and more effective pest management. Plant parasitic nematodes are a threat to agricultural crop production cause severe plant diseases around the world and affect crops yield in quantity and quality. The}- are 10 of global crop losses annually. Nematode diseases are difficult to control because of their hidden nature and hence, more often overlooked. Plant parasitic nematodes not only cause damage individually but form disease-complexes with other micro-organism and increased the crop loss. Biointensive helps long lasting management of phytonematodes, economically viable, safe, highly practicable and alternative for plant-parasitic nematodes management. Bio-agents reduce the nematode population through the action of antagonism. Nematode management is important because of estimate plant parasitic nematodes are causing much more damage annually compared to insect pests. Bio-agents such as Trichoderma, mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi are effective, through induces resistance against nematodes management by activating hormones in defense mechanisms. They can reduce the damage caused by plant parasitic nematodes through parasitism,antibiosis, paralysis, production of Ivtic enzvmes, modifying the root morphology, higher nutrient and water uptake to the plants. Bio-technological approaches in nematode control is the aims of exploiting the natural resistance gene pool of particular crop plants to disease resistance based on expression of specific pathogenesis related proteins.