Operative Techniques for Repair of Muscular Ventricular Septal Defects

摘要

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is defined as "a hole between the ventricular chambers or their remnants."1 A muscular ventricular septal defect is denned as "a VSD that has exclusively muscular borders."1 This article reviews the spectrum of these muscular ventricular septal defects, the challenges they can pose, and the surgical techniques that have a demonstrated track record of efficacy, with special consideration for the following subtypes of muscular ventricular septal defects: (1) midmuscular VSD or midventricular VSD, (2) inlet muscular VSD, (3) apical muscular VSD, (4) anterior trabecular VSD or infundibular muscular VSD, and (5) multiple VSD and "Swiss-cheese" VSD.