A major water quality problem in smolt farms: combined effects of carbon dioxide, reduced pH and aluminum on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts: physiology and growth

摘要

Hatchery reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts (mean start weight 80 g) in soft freshwater were exposed to three levels of carbon dioxide partial pressure for 38 days (25 days for the high group) in an open flow system: 0.5 mm Hg (1.8 mg/l CO2; pH 6.6; control group), 2.7 mm Hg (9.3 mg/l CO2; pH 6.0; medium group) and 5.7 mm Hg (19.4 mg/l CO2; pH 5.7; high group). The different pH levels were a consequence of the addition of carbon dioxide to the water. Water temperature was 6-8 degreesC and effluent oxygen levels above 9 mg/l. During the experiment, the total aluminium concentration in the water was relatively stable in the range 115-140 mug/l. Labile Al concentration was low in all groups (about 10 mug/l). Despite this, the mean gill aluminium deposition was five times and seven times higher in the medium and high carbon dioxide groups, respectively, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Mean respiration frequency was significantly increased both in the medium and high carbon dioxide groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The main gill lesions observed in the groups with elevated CO2 were focal to diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of chloride cells and adhesion of lamellae. Even though no significant differences were found in mean plasma cortisol concentrations in the medium group compared to the control group at any sampling time, mean plasma chloride and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the medium group were lower than controls on day 19 (p < 0.05) and the mean condition factor was significantly reduced on day 38 (p<0.05). The overall specific growth rate (SGR) for the medium group was -0.06%/day compared to 0.26%/day for the control group between days 3 and 38. After 38 days, accumulated mortality for the control group and the medium group was 0.4% and 4%, respectively. Days 2 and 19 mean plasma cortisol and hematocrit were significantly increased in the high group, and mean plasma chloride concentration was significantly reduced compared to the control group. There was a significant depression in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity between days 2 and 19 (p<0.01) in the high CO2 group, to a level of approximately 30% of control levels. The specific growth rate for this group was negative (-0.250%/day) between days 3 and 38. Accumulated mortality in the high group was 42% after 25 days and the experiment was discontinued for ethical reasons. The present investigation has shown that the build-up of carbon dioxide, reduction in pH and the changes in Al chemistry may be detrimental to Atlantic salmon smolts even at low concentrations. Further investigations are, however, needed to study combined effects of aluminium, pH and carbon dioxide and effects of each parameter in isolation on Atlantic salmon smolts.