Donor-Stabilized Phosphenium Adducts as New Efficient and Immobilizing Ligands in Palladium-Catalyzed Alkynylation and Platinum-Catalyzed Hydrogenation in Ionic Liquids

摘要

The straightforward synthesis of a new donor-stabilized phosphenium ligand 3d by addition of bromodifurylphosphine to 1,3-dimethylimidazoli-um-2-carboxylate 1 is described. The obtained ligand exhibits a very strong π-acceptor character, comparable to that of triphenyl phosphite [P(OPh)3] or of tris-halogenophosphines, with a v_(CO)(A1) at 2087 cm~(-1) for its nickel tricarbonyl complex. This ligand, as well as the related 3a which was obtained from chlorodiphenylphosphine, were tested in palladium-catalyzed aryl alkynylation and in the platinum-catalyzed selective hydrogenation of chloronitroben-zenes, both in an ionic liquid phase. In C-C bond cross-coupling we observed that the increase of the π-acceptor character in ligand 3d, due to the introduction of an additional electron-withdrawing group, provides a very efficient catalyst in the alkynylation reaction of aryl bromides with phenylacetylene, including the deactivated 4-bromoanisole or the steri-cally hindered 2-bromonaphthalene. The catalytic activity decreases with recycling due to the sensitiveness of ligands to protonation in the ionic phase. Conversely, a multiple recycling of the metal/ligand system in non-acidic media was achieved from platinum-catalyzed hydrogenation of m-chloronitroben-zene. The catalytic results obtained by employing the complex of platinum(II) chloride with 3a [trans-PtCl2(3a)2] in comparison with the non-ionic related trans-tris(triphenylphosphine)platinum dichloride [trans-PtCl2(PPh3)2] complex clearly indicate that the simultaneous existence of a strong π-acceptor character and a positive charge within the ligand 3a significantly increases the life-time of the platinum catalyst. The selectivity of the reaction is also improved by decreasing the undesirable formation of dehaloge-nation products. This cationic platinum complex trans-PtCl2(3a)2 is the first example of a highly selective catalyst for hydrogenation of chloronitroarenes immobilized in an ionic liquid phase. The system was recycled six times without noticeable metal leaching in the organic phase, and no loss of activity.