Use of formalin and copper to control ichthyophthiriosis in the Australian freshwater fish silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell)

摘要

Infestations of the protozoan parasite, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, cause the serious disease ichthyophthiriosis in freshwater fish throughout the world. Formalin is a recommended treatment for ichthyophthiriosis in the Australian fish silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell), but the disease is difficult to control in ponds, particularly at low water temperatures. Experiments were carried out to develop an improved treatment regime for formalin and to evaluate copper as a therapeutant. Silver perch fingerlings infested with I. multifiliis were stocked into 55 L aquaria at temperatures of 14.8-17.6 degrees C and alkalinities of 70-110 mg L-1. Formalin (34-38% formaldehyde) or copper (24.5% copper sulphate) were added to the aquaria and then monitored and readjusted to nominal concentrations daily. A concentration of 30 mg L-1 formalin controlled ichthyophthiriosis, but fish treated with 20 mg L-1 remained infested with theronts and trophonts on day 17; survival at both concentrations was 100%. A concentration of 10 mg L-1 formalin did not control ichthyophthiriosis and all fish were dead from the infestation by day 17. Fish treated with 0.1 or 0.2 mg L-1 copper were free of theronts and trophonts by days 17 and 14, respectively, and survival was 100%. Survival at 0.05 mg L-1 copper was 100%, but fish remained infested. At 0.25 mg L-1 copper, survival was 82.5% and there were no theronts or trophonts on gill and skin tissues of fingerlings by day 14. There was total mortality of fish treated with 0.5 or 1.0 mg L-1 copper suggesting these concentrations are toxic to silver perch. All fish in infested-control treatments died. In earthen ponds containing silver perch, 0.2 mg L-1 copper was depleted to below 0.1 mg L-1 within 24 h, and concentrations of 25-38 mg L-1 formalin were depleted to below 15 mg L-1 within 48 h. Treatment regimes involving daily applications of formalin or copper controlled ichthyophthiriosis in silver perch in earthen ponds at costs of $US466.37 and $US65.58 hectare(-1) day(-1) respectively. This study has developed a new formalin-treatment regime for the control of ichthyophthiriosis, and demonstrated that copper sulphate is a potential therapeutant for this serious disease of silver perch.