Diffuse soil emission of hydrothermal gases (CO_2, CH_4, and C_6H_6) at Solfatara crater (Campi Flegrei, southern Italy)

摘要

Measurements of soil fluxes of hydrothermal gases, with special emphasis on C_6H_6, as well as chemical composition of mono-aromatic compounds in fumaroles and air, were carried out in April 2012 at the Solfatara crater (Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy) to investigate the distribution and behavior of these species as they migrate through the soil from their deep source to the atmosphere. Soil fluxes of CO_2, CH_4 and C_6H_6 exhibit good spatial correlation, suggesting that diffuse degassing is mainly controlled by local fractures. The calculated total output of diffuse C_6H_6 from Solfatara is 0.10kgday~(-1), whereas fluxes of CO_2 and CH_4 are 79×10~3 and 1.04kgday~(-1), respectively. A comparison between soil gas fluxes and fumarole composition reveals that within the crater soil CH_4 is significantly affected by oxidation processes, which are more efficient for low gas fluxes, being dependent on the residence time of the uprising hydrothermal gases at shallow depth. Benzene degradation, mainly proceeding through oxidation via benzoate, seems to be strongly controlled by the presence of a shallow SO42--rich aquifer located in the central and southwestern sectors of the crater, suggesting that the process is particularly efficient when SO42- acts as terminal electron acceptor (SO_4 reduction). Relatively high C_6H_6/C_7H_8 ratios, typical of hydrothermal fluids, were measured in air close to the main fumarolic field of Solfatara crater. Here, C_6H_6 concentrations, whose detection limit is ~0.1μgm~(-3), are more than one order of magnitude higher than the limit value for ambient air (5μgm~(-3)). This suggests that hydrothermal fluids have a strong impact on air quality in the immediate surroundings of the fumarolic vents. Significant concentrations of endogenous mono-aromatics were also detected in air samples collected from the northern and western sides of the crater, where these gas compounds are mostly fed by diffuse degassing through the crater bottom soil.