All Wrapped Up: Environmental Effects on Myelination

摘要

To date, studies have demonstrated the dynamic influence of exogenous environmental stimuli on multiple regions of the brain. This environmental influence positively and negatively impacts programs governing myelination, and acts on myelinating oligodendrocyte (OL) cells across the human lifespan. Developmentally, environmental manipulation of OL progenitor cells (OPCs) has profound effects on the establishment of functional cognitive, sensory, and motor programs. Furthermore, central nervous system (CNS) myelin remains an adaptive entity in adulthood, sensitive to environmentally induced structural changes. Here, we discuss the role of environmental stimuli on mechanisms governing programs of CNS myelination under normal and pathological conditions. Importantly, we highlight how these extrinsic cues can influence the intrinsic power of myelin plasticity to promote functional recovery. Trends Environmental influence on myelination has an important role in development, the aging brain, and recovery from injury and disease. Structural and functional changes in white matter architecture occur in response to environmental stimuli, and have significant implications in cognition, behavior, and motor function. The brain is sensitive to manipulations of the environment during restricted temporal windows, and responds in a region-specific manner. Recent advances in technology have presented new and exciting opportunities to study developmental myelination and changes associated with neuronal activity, leading to myelin plasticity. ]]>