A novel dynamic approach for automatic microsampling and continuous monitoring of metal ion release from soils exploiting a dedicated flow-through microdialyser

摘要

In this paper, a novel concept is presented for automatic microsampling and continuous monitoring of metal ions in soils with minimum disturbance of the sampling site. It involves a hollow-fiber microdialyser that is implanted in the soil body as a miniaturized sensing device. The idea behind microdialysis in this application is to mimic the function of a passive sampler to predict the actual, rather than potential, mobility and bioavailability of metal traces. Although almost quantitative dialysis recoveries were obtained for lead (>= 98%) from aqueous model solutions with sufficiently long capillaries (l >= 30 mm, 200 mu m i.d.) at perfusion rates of 2.0 mu L min(-1), the resistance of an inert soil matrix was found to reduce metal uptake by 30%. Preliminary investigation of the potential of the microdialysis analyser for risk assessment of soil pollution, and for metal partitioning studies, were performed by implanting the dedicated probe in a laboratory-made soil column and hyphenating it with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), so that minute, well-defined volumes of clean microdialysates were injected on-line into the graphite furnace. A noteworthy feature of the implanted microdialysis- based device is the capability to follow the kinetics of metal release under simulated natural scenarios or anthropogenic actions. An ancillary flow set-up was arranged in such a way that a continuous flow of leaching solution - mild extractant (10(-2) mol L-1 CaCl2), acidic solution (10(-3) mol L-1 HNO3), or chelating agent (10(-4) or 10(-2) mol L-1 EDTA) - was maintained through the soil body, while the concentration trends of inorganic un-bound) metal species at the soil-liquid interface could be monitored at near real-time. Hence, relevant qualitative and quantitative information about the various mobile fractions is obtained, and metal-soil phase associations can also be elucidated. Finally, stimulus-response schemes adapted from neurochemical applications and pharmacokinetic studies are to be extended to soil research as an alternative means of local monitoring of extraction processes after induction of a chemical change in the outer boundary of the permselective dialysis membrane.