Automated, real-time fresh gas flow recommendations alter isoflurane consumption during the maintenance phase of anesthesia in a simulator-based study

摘要

BACKGROUND: The Low Flow Wizard (LFW) provides real-time guidance for user optimization of fresh gas flow (FGF) settings during general inhaled anesthesia. The LFW can continuously inform users whether it determines their FGF to be too little, efficient, or too much, and its color-coded recommendations respond in real time to changes in FGF performed by users. Our study objective was to determine whether the LFW feature, as implemented in the Dr?ger Apollo workstation, alters FGF selection and thereby volatile anesthetic consumption without affecting patient care. METHODS: To reduce potentially confounding variables, we used a human patient simulator that consumes and exhales volatile anesthetics. Standard monitoring was provided for the patient initially with invasive arterial blood pressure added after anesthetic induction. In this withingroup study, each of 17 participants acted as his or her own control. Each participant was asked to anesthetize an identical simulated patient twice using a Dr?ger Apollo workstation, first with the LFW feature disabled and subsequently enabled. The volatile anesthetic was isoflurane. Both simulation runs were set up to have similar time durations for the different phases of anesthesia: induction, incision, and maintenance. Emergence was not simulated. The isoflurane vaporizer was weighed before and after each simulation run on a digital scale to verify total computed volatile liquid anesthetic consumption. In addition, the product of FGF (reported by the Apollo) times the isoflurane volumetric concentration (sampled by a multigas analyzer at the equivalent of the FGF hose for the Apollo) was integrated over time to obtain isoflurane consumption rate (on-the-fly anesthetic consumption rate measurement). RESULTS: The maintenance isoflurane consumption rate and FGF were significantly lower with the LFW display enabled than without (P = 0.005). The mean reduction in FGF was 53.6% (95% confidence interval, 39.2%-67.9%). There was no significant difference in alveolar isoflurane concentration (P = 0.13 for differences <0.1%). The isoflurane consumption measurement closely matched the consumption measured via the digital scale. CONCLUSIONS: Our data in a simulated anesthetic suggest that enabling the display of FGF efficiency data by the LFW results in a median percent reduction in volatile liquid anesthetic consumption rate of 53.2%. Since the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for the median is 39.4%, this finding is likely to translate into cost savings and less waste anesthetic gas generated in the clinical setting and released into the atmosphere.