End-stage Renal Disease.

摘要

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) affects more than 1,500 persons per 1 million population in countries with a high prevalence, such as the United States and Japan. About two-thirds of persons with ESRD receive hemo-dialysis, one-fourth have kidney transplants, and one-tenth receive peritoneal dialysis. 1. Risk factors for ESRD include older age; hypertension; diabetes mellitus; obesity; history of renal disease; and tobacco, heroin, or analgesic use. 2. ESRD leads to fluid retention, anemia, disturbances of bone and mineral metabolism, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Increasing the dose of peritoneal dialysis does not seem to reduce mortality.