The induced earthquake sequence related to the St. Gallen deep geothermal project (Switzerland): Fault reactivation and fluid interactions imaged by microseismicity

Diehl T.; Kraft T.; Kissling E.; Wiemer S.

摘要

Abstract > In July 2013, a sequence of more than 340 earthquakes was induced by reservoir stimulations and well‐control procedures following a gas kick at a deep geothermal drilling project close to the city of St. Gallen, Switzerland. The sequence culminated in an <fi>M</fi> <sub> <fi>L</fi> </sub> 3.5 earthquake, which was felt within 10–15?km from the epicenter. High‐quality earthquake locations and 3‐D reflection seismic data acquired in the St. Gallen project provide a unique data set, which allows high‐resolution studies of earthquake triggering related to the injection of fluids into macroscopic fault zones. In this study, we present a high‐precision earthquake catalog of the induced sequence. Absolute locations are constrained by a coupled hypocenter‐velocity inversion, and subsequent double‐difference relocations image the geometry of the <fi>M</fi> <sub> <fi>L</fi> </sub> 3.5 rupture and resolve the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity. A joint interpretation of earthquake and seismic data shows that the majority of the seismicity occurred in the pre‐Mesozoic basement, hundreds of meters below the borehole and the targeted Mesozoic sequence. We propose a hydraulic connectivity between the reactivated fault and the borehole, likely through faults mapped by seismic data. Despite the excellent quality of the seismic data, the association of seismicity with mapped faults remains ambiguous. In summary, our results document that the actual hydraulic properties of a fault system and hydraulic connections between its fault segments are complex and may not be predictable upfront. Incomplete knowledge of fault structures and stress heterogeneities within highly complex fault systems additionally challenge the degree of predictability of induced seismicity related to undergro </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><Abstract Type =“main”XML：Lang =“en”> <标题类型=“main”>抽象</ title> > 2013年7月，储层刺激诱导了超过340个地震的序列 - 在瑞士圣加仑市的深层地热钻井项目中的气体踢进后控制程序。在<fi> m </ fi> <sub> <fi> l </ fi> </ sub> 3.5地震中，序列均终止于<fi> m <fi> <fi> </ sub>。在St.Gallen项目中获得的高质量地震位置和3-D反射地震数据提供了独特的数据集，这允许与将流体注入宏观断层区的地震触发的高分辨率研究。在这项研究中，我们提出了诱导序列的高精度地震目录。绝对位置受耦合的低速度 - 速度反转约束，后续的双差重新定位图像<fi> m </ fi> <sub> <fi> l </ fi> </ sub> 3.5破裂并解决的几何图形地震性的时空演变。地震和地震数据的联合解释表明，大多数地震发生在中生代地下室，数百米以下的钻孔和靶向中生代序列中发生。我们在重新激活的故障和钻孔之间提出了一种液压连接，可能通过地震数据映射的故障。尽管地震数据的质量卓越，但地震性与映射断层的关系仍然存在暧昧。总之，我们的结果记录了故障系统的实际液压性能和其故障段之间的液压连接是复杂的，并且可能不可预测前期。在高度复杂的故障系统中，对故障结构和应力异质性的不完全知识另外挑战诱导与内在的地震性的可预测性程度 </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-34677/'>《Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth: JGR》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2017年第9期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共19页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Diehl T.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Diehl T.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Kraft T.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Kraft T.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Kissling E.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Kissling E.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Wiemer S.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Wiemer S.;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>Swiss Seismological ServiceETH ZurichZurich Switzerland;</p> <p>Swiss Seismological ServiceETH ZurichZurich Switzerland;</p> <p>Institute of GeophysicsETH ZurichZurich Switzerland;</p> <p>Swiss Seismological ServiceETH ZurichZurich Switzerland;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/163.html" title="地球物理学">地球物理学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=induced seismicity&option=203" rel="nofollow">induced seismicity;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=earthquake location&option=203" rel="nofollow">earthquake location;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=earthquake triggering&option=203" rel="nofollow">earthquake triggering;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=geothermal energy&option=203" rel="nofollow">geothermal energy;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=seismic hazard&option=203" rel="nofollow">seismic hazard;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=fluid injection&option=203" rel="nofollow">fluid injection;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：诱导地震;地震定位;地震触发;地热能;地震危害;流体注射; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/journal-foreign-detail/0704020651980.html">The induced earthquake sequence related to the St. Gallen deep geothermal project (Switzerland): Fault reactivation and fluid interactions imaged by microseismicity</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Diehl T.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Diehl T.,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Kraft T.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Kraft T.,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Kissling E.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Kissling E.,</a> <a href="/journal-foreign-34656/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">Journal of Geophysical Research. 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