Temperature thresholds for black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) freeze damage, mortality and recovery in North America: Refining tipping points for range expansion in a warming climate

摘要

1. Near the tropical-temperate transition zone, warming winter temperatures are expected to facilitate the poleward range expansion of freeze-sensitive tropical organisms. In coastal wetlands of eastern and central North America, freeze-sensitive woody plants (mangroves) are expected to expand northward into regions currently dominated by freeze-tolerant herbaceous salt marsh plants. To advance understanding of mangrove range expansion, there is a need to refine temperature thresholds for mangrove freeze damage, mortality and recovery.