Wearable biosensors draw on many attributes such as noninvasiveness, real-time measurements, and the potential for continuous monitoring of physiological biomarkers from bodily fluids, such as sweat, tears, saliva, etc. Initially, physical sensors were developed as the first class of wearable devices to monitor physical movements and vital signs such as pulse or burned calories.1 However, since the sensing modalities used in those sensors were nonspecific, meaning that they were unable to distinguish between different factors that might have caused similar readings (for instance, an increased heart rate),2 the urge for converting to devices in which the specificity of detection was improved soon became more pronounced. In recent years, researchers were focused on transforming the application of wearable devices from solely tracking physical activities to monitoring more challenging healthcare biomarkers for more complicated applications such as diabetes management or remote health monitoring of the elderly.3 To do so, wearable sensors should be equipped with a biological sensing element such as an enzyme, antibody, cell receptor, or organelle1 that is able to selectively detect target chemicals in a short time and with a reversible response type.2 These wearable chemical sensors with the ability to continuously monitor relevant biomarkers offer more comprehensive healthcare monitoring and medical diagnosis in real-time delivery compared to the physical sensors for detecting vital signs.4 The receptor (or recognition element) in the chemical sensor is responsible for high selectivity of the target analyte, whereas the transducer is responsible for translation of information to measurable signals. In order to be able to develop a wearable biosensor, it is therefore of high importance to recognize the chemistry, available biomarkers, and sampling of a specific target biofluid.
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