Review: The Regenerating Tail Blastema of Lizards as a Model to Study Organ Regeneration and Tumor Growth Regulation in Amniotes

摘要

ABSTRACT Tail regeneration in lizards is a unique case of organ regeneration among amniotes. The Review summarizes past and recent studies indicating that tail regeneration utilizes numerous signaling pathways typical for tumor growth. The regenerative blastema‐cone contains sparse proliferating cells that utilize coding and noncoding RNAs in an environment rich in water and hyaluronate, as typical for tumor outgrowth. Differently from tumors, the blastema appears as a polarized outgrowth where the distal region contains proliferating cells mainly driven by the up‐regulation of Wnt, snoRNAs, and associated onco‐genes. The down‐regulation of immune‐genes coupled with the high production of hyaluronate coating blastema cells likely protect them from attach by immune cells. Immunoevasion of blastema cells allows the proliferation and migration necessary for the morphogenesis of a new tail. Transcriptome and immunolabeling data suggest that gradients for wnts, shh, msx, and signaling receptors are present in the tail blastema. It is hypothesized that cells along these gradients activate different genes, including tumor suppressors that are expressed in more proximal regions where cells stop proliferating and differentiate into tissues of the new tail. The continuous proliferation at the apex of the blastema is turned into a regulated growth in more proximal regions near the original tail. In contrast, it is hypothesized that no or nonresponding gradients of signaling proteins are present in tumor outgrowths so that cell proliferation but no differentiation occurs in expanding tumors. Considering signaling gradients, the lizard model of regeneration can help in understanding the lack of regulation of tumor growth. Anat Rec, 302:1469–1490, 2019. ? 2018 American Association for Anatomy