Development and Characterization of a Photopolymeric Binder for Additively Manufactured Composite Solid Propellant Using Vibration Assisted Printing

McClain Monique S.; Afriat Aaron; Rhoads Jeffrey F.; Gunduz Ibrahim Emre; Son Steven F.

摘要

Abstract > An emerging area of research in the energetic materials community is the development of new manufacturing methods, such as additive manufacturing (AM), that can be used to selectively deposit energetic materials into complex geometries, which provides more control over how the energetics perform during combustion. Although ammonium perchlorate (AP) composite propellant has been 3D printed at solids loadings that are comparable to traditional formulations (85?wt.%) with vibration assisted printing (VAP), traditional propellant binders such as hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) are poorly suited for 3D printing large or complex structures because propellant made with HTPB deforms easily under its own weight and isocyanates do not crosslink HTPB fast enough to facilitate rapid polymerization after deposition. Ultraviolet (UV) curable photopolymers have been used for many types of AM processes, such as stereolithography, and there is a variety of commercially available binders with customizable chemical and mechanical properties. However, little work has been done to characterize the optimal cure characteristics of UV curable binders that are compatible with composite propellants. Furthermore, it has also been speculated that aluminized propellants may not be amenable to UV curing since opaque particles impede UV transmission. In this work, the curing properties of a photopolymer that has similar characteristics to HTPB with AP and aluminum were quantified. The ingredients consisted of a polybutadiene urethane acrylate and hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) polymer binder, which could be mixed in various ratios to control properties such as adhesion to particle surfaces and viscosity, as well as bisacylphosphine oxide (BAPO) which is a well‐known photoinitiator for deep curing in the coatings industry. The effect of wavelength, exposure time, and intensity on cure depth were quantified on the neat photopolymer. In addition, the effect of aluminum content (up to 20?%) on the cure depth of propellant with a solids loading of 85?wt.% was measured. It was shown that at higher intensities (～20?mW/cm 2 ), aluminized propellants could be cured to depths on the order of 1–2?mm, which is greater than the typical layer thickness of propellants printed via VAP (～0.25?mm). In addition, it was shown that there were no visible interfaces in aluminized propellant (15?% aluminum) that was cured layer‐by‐layer. The approach taken could be applied to a wide range of other granular, opaque composite materials, such as metal, ceramic, and fibrous mixtures. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><Abstract Type =“Main”XML：Lang =“en”> <标题类型=“main”>抽象</ title> > 在能量材料界的新兴研究领域是开发新的制造方法，如添加剂制造（AM），可用于选择性地将能量材料存放在复杂的几何形状中，这提供了更多的控制能量在燃烧期间能量的表现如何。虽然高氯酸铵（AP）复合推进剂已经在固体载体上印有3D，其与传统配方（85·wt.％）与振动辅助印刷（VAP）相当，但是传统的推进剂粘合剂如羟基封端的聚丁二烯（HTPB）非常适合对于3D打印大或复杂的结构，因为用HTPB制成的推进剂容易在其自身的重量和异氰酸酯下变形，并且异氰酸酯不会足够快地交联以促进沉积后的快速聚合。紫外（UV）可固化的光聚合物已用于许多类型的AM方法，例如立体刻录，并且各种可商购的粘合剂具有可定制的化学和机械性能。然而，已经完成了很少的工作来表征与复合推进剂相容的UV可固化粘合剂的最佳固化特性。此外，还有推测，由于不透明颗粒阻碍UV透射，所以铝化推进剂可能不适合UV固化。在这项工作中，量化了具有AP和铝的HTPB与HTPB具有相似特性的光聚合物的固化性质。该成分由聚丁二烯氨基乙烷丙烯酸酯和己二醇二丙烯酸酯（HDDA）聚合物粘合剂组成，其可以以各种比例混合以控制诸如颗粒表面和粘度的粘附性和粘度，以及众所周知的双酰基氧化膦（BAPO）。光引发剂在涂料行业深处固化。在整齐的光聚合物上量化了波长，暴露时间和强度对固化深度的影响。另外，铝含量（高达20μm）对推进剂的固化深度的影响，固体负载量为85·wt。％。结果表明，在更高的强度下（〜20？mw / cm 2 </ sup> ），铝化推进剂可以固化为1-2Ωmm的深度，这大于通过VAP印刷的推进剂的典型层厚度（〜0.25Ωmm）。另外，表明铝化推进剂（15·％铝）中没有可见的界面，其逐层固化。所采用的方法可以应用于各种其他粒状，不透明的复合材料，例如金属，陶瓷和纤维混合物。 </ p> </摘要> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-29946/'>《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2020年第6期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共11页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=McClain Monique S.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">McClain Monique S.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Afriat Aaron&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Afriat Aaron;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Rhoads Jeffrey F.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Rhoads Jeffrey F.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Gunduz Ibrahim Emre&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Gunduz Ibrahim Emre;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Son Steven F.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Son Steven F.;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>Maurice J. Zucrow LaboratoriesPurdue University500 Allison Rd. West Lafayette IN 47906;</p> <p>Maurice J. Zucrow LaboratoriesPurdue University500 Allison Rd. West Lafayette IN 47906;</p> <p>Maurice J. Zucrow LaboratoriesPurdue University500 Allison Rd. West Lafayette IN 47906;</p> <p>School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNaval Post Graduate SchoolMonterrey CA 93943;</p> <p>Maurice J. Zucrow LaboratoriesPurdue University500 Allison Rd. West Lafayette IN 47906;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/1837.html" title="爆炸物工业、火柴工业">爆炸物工业、火柴工业;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Additive manufacturing&option=203" rel="nofollow">Additive manufacturing;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant&option=203" rel="nofollow">Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Energetic materials&option=203" rel="nofollow">Energetic materials;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Photopolymer&option=203" rel="nofollow">Photopolymer;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Opaque additives&option=203" rel="nofollow">Opaque additives;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：添加剂制造;高氯酸铵复合推进剂;能量材料;光聚合物;不透明添加剂; 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