Blast furnace operations have developed towards higher levels of pulverized coal injection and have to operate on lower quality raw materials and more frequent fluctuations in production levels. These operating conditions introduce increased loadings to the blast furnace lining. These loadings include thermal, mechanical and chemical components. Modern blast furnaces should be able to cope with these increasing demands. The target campaign life of new designs is over 20 years at an availability of over 95%. This can only be achieved if the internal profile of the blastfurnace is maintained during the campaign as any degradation will immediately have a negative effect on process stability and campaign life.
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