Thermographic examination of head surface temperatures of calves under field conditions

摘要

Thermographic examination of 157 German Holstein heifer calves was performed to investigate the feasibility of this technique for on-farm recording of surface temperature of the head and to examine potential factors that affect the recordings. Baseline values were obtained from six defined locations on the head including both eyes, both horn buds, the muzzle and the mucous membrane of the muzzle using a high-end thermographic camera (ThermoPro TP8, Firma DIAS Infrared GmbH). Evaluation of the influence of various factors on thermographic measurements showed that ambient temperature had the largest effect on surface temperature of the head (regression coefficient, 0.10 to 0.32, p <= 0.01) whereas humidity had no effect (in t-test p <= 0.33 over all locations). There was a no correlation between rectal temperature and surface temperature (r(p) <= 0.05). The surface temperature decreased with increasing age of the calves (regression coefficient, - 0.42 to - 0.14, p <= 0.01). The agreement between double readings made shortly after one another was excellent at all locations (r >= 0.95). The emission of infrared energy varied among different locations; the most infrared energy was emitted by the eyes and the least by the muzzle. Paired locations (eyes and horn buds) had symmetric emission patterns of infrared energy. Measuring the surface temperature of the head of calves in their normal barn environment using a standardised protocol was feasible and thus could potentially be used for monitoring calves under field conditions.