Canopy structure and atmospheric flows in relation to the tp#pdC of respired CO in a subalpine coniferous forest

摘要

Stable isotopes provide insight into ecosystem carbon cycling, plant physiological processes, atmospheric boundary-layer dynamics, and are useful for the integration of processes over multiple scales. Of particular interest is the carbon isotope content (tp#pdC) of nocturnal ecosystem-respired CO (t R). Recent advances in technology have made it possible to continuously examine the variation in t R within a forest canopy over relatively long time-scales (months-years). We used tunable diode laser spectroscopy to examine t R at within- and below-canopy spatial locations in a Colorado subalpine forest (the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site). We found a systematic pattern of increased t R within the forest canopy (t Rc) compared to that near the ground (t Rg). Values of t Rc were weakly correlated with the previous day's mean maximum daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Conversely, there was a negative but still weak correlation between t Rg and time-lagged (0-5 days) daily mean soil moisture. The topography and presence of sustained nightly drainage flows at the Niwot Ridge forest site suggests that, on nights with stable atmospheric conditions, there is little mixing of air near the ground with that in the canopy. Atmospheric stability was assessed using thresholds of friction velocity, stability above the canopy, and bulk Richardson number within the canopy. When we selectively calculated t Rg and t Rc by removing time periods when ground and canopy air were well mixed, we found stronger correlations between t Rc and VPD, and t Rg and soil moisture. This suggests that there may be fundamental differences in the environmental controls on t R at sub-canopy spatial scales. These results may help explain the wide variance observed in the correlation of t R with different environmental parameters in other studies.