Quantum non-demolition detection of an itinerant microwave photon

摘要

Photon detectors are an elementary tool to measure electromagnetic waves at the quantum limit(1,2) and are heavily demanded in the emerging quantum technologies such as communication(3), sensing(4) and computing(5). Of particular interest is a quantum non-demolition (QND)-type detector, which projects an electromagnetic wave onto the photonnumber basis(6-10). This is in stark contrast to conventional photon detectors(2) that absorb a photon to trigger a 'click'. The long-sought QND detection of a flying photon was recently demonstrated in the optical domain using a single atom in a cavity(11,12). However, the counterpart for microwaves has been elusive despite the recent progress in microwave quantum optics using superconducting circuits(13-19). Here, we implement a deterministic entangling gate between a superconducting qubit and an itinerant microwave photon reflected by a cavity containing the qubit. Using the entanglement and the highfidelity qubit readout, we demonstrate a QND detection of a single photon with the quantum efficiency of 0.84 and the photon survival probability of 0.87. Our scheme can serve as a building block for quantum networks connecting distant qubit modules as well as a microwave-photon-counting device for multiple-photon signals.