Finite type invariants and fatgraphs

摘要

We define an invariant ?_G(M) of pairs M,G, where M is a 3-manifold obtained by surgery on some framed link in the cylinder σ×I, σ is a connected surface with at least one boundary component, and G is a fatgraph spine of σ. In effect, ?_G is the composition with the ι_n maps of Le-Murakami-Ohtsuki of the link invariant of Andersen-Mattes-Reshetikhin computed relative to choices determined by the fatgraph G; this provides a basic connection between 2d geometry and 3d quantum topology. For each fixed G, this invariant is shown to be universal for homology cylinders, i.e., ?_G establishes an isomorphism from an appropriate vector space H? of homology cylinders to a certain algebra of Jacobi diagrams. Via composition ?_(G')ο?_G~(-1) for any pair of fatgraph spines G,G' of σ, we derive a representation of the Ptolemy groupoid, i.e., the combinatorial model for the fundamental path groupoid of Teichmüller space, as a group of automorphisms of this algebra. The space H comes equipped with a geometrically natural product induced by stacking cylinders on top of one another and furthermore supports related operations which arise by gluing a homology handlebody to one end of a cylinder or to another homology handlebody. We compute how ?_G interacts with all three operations explicitly in terms of natural products on Jacobi diagrams and certain diagrammatic constants. Our main result gives an explicit extension of the LMO invariant of 3-manifolds to the Ptolemy groupoid in terms of these operations, and this groupoid extension nearly fits the paradigm of a TQFT. We finally re-derive the Morita-Penner cocycle representing the first Johnson homomorphism using a variant/generalization of ?_G.