’Given the unstable and current low oil price environment, booming U.S. shale production, global oil supply glut, increasingly stringent emissions regulations, and social pressure to reduce greenhouse (GHG) gas emissions, the survival of the oil sands industry will depend on how quickly it can innovate to address these challenges... This study shows the costs and emission challenges are real and serious, and, if not urgently addressed, may stunt the growth of the industry.’ Economic Potentials and Efficiencies of Oil Sands Operations: Processes and Technologies, Canadian Energy Research Institute (March, 2017).
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