Factors controlling landslide frequency–area distributions

Tanya? Hakan; Westen Cees J.; Allstadt Kate E.; Jibson Randall W.

摘要

Abstract >A power‐law relation for the frequency–area distribution (FAD) of medium and large landslides (e.g. tens to millions of square meters) has been observed by numerous authors. But the FAD of small landslides diverges from the power‐law distribution, with a rollover point below which frequencies decrease for smaller landslides. Some studies conclude that this divergence is an artifact of unmapped small landslides due to lack of spatial or temporal resolution; others posit that it is caused by the change in the underlying failure process. An explanation for this dilemma is essential both to evaluate the factors controlling FADs of landslides and power‐law scaling, which is a crucial factor regarding both landscape evolution and landslide hazard assessment. This study examines the FADs of 45 earthquake‐induced landslide inventories from around the world in the context of the proposed explanations. We show that each inventory probably involves some combination of the proposed explanations, though not all explanations contribute to each case. We propose an alternative explanation to understand the reason for the divergence from a power‐law. We suggest that the geometry of a landslide at the time of mapping reflects not just one single movement but many, including the propagation of numerous smaller landslides before and after the main failure. Because only the resulting combination of these landslides can be observed due to a lack of temporal resolution, many smaller landslides are not taken into account in the inventory. This reveals that the divergence from the power‐law is not necessarily attributed to the incompleteness of an inventory. This conceptual model will need to be validated by ongoing observation and analysis. Also, we show that because of the subjectivity of mapping procedures, the total number of landslides and total landslide areas in inventories differ signif </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><Abstract Type =“Main”XML：Lang =“en”> <标题类型=“main”>抽象</ title> >中等和大滑坡频率区分布（FAD）的权力关系（例如，数百万平方米）已被众多作者观察到。但是，小滑坡的轮流来自幂律分布，下降点下降到该滚动点，对于较小的滑坡频率降低。一些研究得出结论，由于缺乏空间或时间分辨率，这种分歧是未映射的小山体滑坡的伪影;其他人认为它是由潜在的失败过程的变化引起的。对这种困境的解释是必要的，以评估控制滑坡和幂律规模的因素，这是景观演化和滑坡危害评估的关键因素。本研究审查了在拟议的解释的背景下从世界各地的45个地震诱导的滑坡库存的推位。我们表明每个库存可能涉及所提出的解释的某种组合，尽管并非所有解释都有助于每种情况。我们提出了一种替代解释，以了解权力法分歧的原因。我们建议在映射时滑坡的几何形状不仅反映了一个单一的运动，而且很多，包括在主要故障之前和之后的许多较小的山体滑坡的传播。由于由于缺乏时间分辨率，仅可以观察到这些滑坡的所得到的组合，因此在库存中没有考虑许多较小的山体滑坡。这揭示了权力法的分歧不一定归因于库存的不完整性。需要通过持续的观察和分析来验证这种概念模型。此外，我们表明，由于映射程序的主观性，存货中的山体滑坡和总滑坡区域的总数不同 </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-22319/'>《Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2019年第4期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共18页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Tanya? Hakan&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Tanya? Hakan;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Westen Cees J.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Westen Cees J.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Allstadt Kate E.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Allstadt Kate E.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Jibson Randall W.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Jibson Randall W.;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC)University of TwenteThe Netherlands;</p> <p>Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC)University of TwenteThe Netherlands;</p> <p>US Geological Survey Geologic Hazards Science CenterGolden Colorado USA;</p> <p>US Geological Survey Geologic Hazards Science CenterGolden Colorado USA;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/163.html" title="地球物理学">地球物理学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=earthquakes&option=203" rel="nofollow">earthquakes;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=landslides&option=203" rel="nofollow">landslides;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=inventories&option=203" rel="nofollow">inventories;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=landslide size‐statics&option=203" rel="nofollow">landslide size‐statics;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=power‐law&option=203" rel="nofollow">power‐law;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=rollover&option=203" rel="nofollow">rollover;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=cutoff&option=203" rel="nofollow">cutoff;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=amalgamation&option=203" rel="nofollow">amalgamation;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=temporal resolution&option=203" rel="nofollow">temporal resolution;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=successive slope failure&option=203" rel="nofollow">successive slope failure;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：地震;山体滑坡;存货;滑坡尺寸 - 静态;幂律;翻转;截止;融合;时间分辨率;连续的斜坡故障; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon" id="literaturereference" style="display:none"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent111">引文网络</h3> <div class="referencetab clearfix"> <ul id="referencedaohang"> <li dataid="referenceul">参考文献</li> <li dataid="citationul">引证文献</li> <li dataid="commonreferenceul">共引文献</li> <li dataid="commoncitationul">同被引文献</li> <li dataid="tworeferenceul">二级参考文献</li> <li dataid="twocitationul">二级引证文献</li> </ul> </div> <div class="reference_details" id="referenceList"> <ul id="referenceul"></ul> <ul id="citationul"></ul> <ul id="commonreferenceul"></ul> <ul id="commoncitationul"></ul> <ul id="tworeferenceul"></ul> <ul id="twocitationul"></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> <li >中文文献</li> <li >专利</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/journal-foreign-detail/0704023139365.html">Factors controlling landslide frequency–area distributions</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Tanya? 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