Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): emissions of trace gases and light-absorbing carbon from wood and dung cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources

摘要

The Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) campaign took place in and around the Kathmandu Valley and in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of southern Nepal during April 2015. The source characterization phase targeted numerous important but undersampled (and often inefficient) combustion sources that are widespread in the developing world such as cooking with a variety of stoves and solid fuels, brick kilns, open burning of municipal solid waste (a.k.a. trash or garbage burning), crop residue burning, generators, irrigation pumps, and motorcycles. NAMaSTE produced the first, or rare, measurements of aerosol optical properties, aerosol mass, and detailed trace gas chemistry for the emissions from many of the sources. This paper reports the trace gas and aerosol measurements obtained by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, whole-air sampling (WAS), and photoacoustic extinctiometers (PAX; 405 and 870 nm) based on field work with a moveable lab sampling authentic sources. The primary aerosol optical properties reported include emission factors (EFs) for scattering and absorption coefficients (EF B_(scat), EF Babs, inm~2 kg~(-1) fuel burned), single scattering albedos (SSAs), and absorption ?ngstr?m exponents (AAEs). From these data we estimate black and brown carbon (BC, BrC) emission factors (g kg~(-1) fuel burned). The trace gas measurements provide EFs (g kg~(-1)) for CO_2, CO, CH_4, selected non-methane hydrocarbons up to C10, a large suite of oxygenated organic compounds, NH_3, HCN, NO_x , SO_2, HCl, HF, etc. (up to ~80 gases in all).