Interactions of baseflow habitat constraints: Macroinvertebrate drift, stream temperature, and physical habitat for anadromous salmon in the Calapooia River, Oregon

摘要

The Calapooia River in western Oregon supports a small winter steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population and historically supported spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Early timber harvesting removed the riparian forest, and log transportation practices simplified the channel. Those disturbance legacies continue to affect fish habitat by limiting shade and channel complexity, complicating conservation efforts. To evaluate juvenile salmonid rearing potential, macroinvertebrate drift, thermal regime and physical habitat were measured at eight sites in 24km of the upper river during late summer baseflow. Overall physical habitat was simple, with few functioning instream structures or pools. During the 22-day drift study, flows declined and maximum site stream temperatures ranged from 23.1 degrees C at the lower end to 16.4 degrees C 24km upstream. Macroinvertebrate drift concentrations ranged from 0.7-13.7 ind. m(-3) with biomasses from 0.02-1.23mg m(-3). Drift concentration biomass was higher upstream (P=0.006) than downstream and declined overall (P0.001) during the study. Drift biomass was dominated by five taxon groups - Baetis tricaudatus, Calineuria californica, Hesperoperla pacifica, Simulium spp., and Chironomidae, which were 65% of total biomass. During twilight, total biomass and biomass of B. tricaudatus, Simulium spp., and Chironomidae (both larvae and adults) were higher. Total drift declined dramatically over the study period owing to decreases in drift concentration and a 58% decline in discharge, greatly reducing overall drift and available food resources for juvenile-rearing salmonids. The upper catchment, both with cooler temperatures and higher food availability, provided the best conditions for juvenile anadromous salmonids to survive late summer conditions. Conservation consequences of climate change-induced alterations in flow and temperature may further affect habitat quality for juvenile salmonids in this catchment in the coming decades.