Evaluation of Stem-Injected TREE-age (4% Emamectin Benzoate) for Protecting Western White Pines (Pinus monticola) from Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

摘要

The protection of high-value trees against bark beetles and the development of alternatives to bole sprays is a priority for the tree manager. The objective of this study was to evaluate stem-injected TREE-age (emamectin benzoate [EB]) as a protectivetreatment for west-em white pines (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) against mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins). Treatment efficacy was based solely on tree mortality as per Shea protocols (i.e., > 60% check vs. < 20% treated tree mortality). Our first experiment was installed in 2007 and included trees stem-injected with TREE-age and untreated controls. Bole application of S-(-)-verbenone and green leaf volatile (GLV) blend was included for observational comparison. Pressure from MPB was heavy, as indicated by the number and timing of control tree mortality (90%). Strip attacks by MPB in TREE-age trees indicated that the impacts of EB, and by inference its distribution, were inconsistent. In 2009, the injection protocol was revised to improve EB distribution in the phloem via closer injection points. In the 2009 TREE-age-treated trees, adult beetle mining stopped when they contacted phloem and was insufficient to cause tree death by girdling. Blue-stain fungi colonized the sapwood of trees in both studies. Isolates from autopsied trees treated with TREE-age alone were subsequently identified as Grosmannia clavigera and Leptographium longiclavatum (Ophiostomatales: Ascomycota), species that can incite tree mortality. In 2013,we revised our protocol to include GLV plus verbenone or propiconazole with TREE-age, wherein these treatments proved effective in protecting trees against MPB and their associated pathogenic fungi.