Vanadium geochemistry in the biogeosphere -speciation, solid-solution interactions, and ecotoxicity

摘要

Vanadium is a metal that receives increasing attention due to its possible toxicity and its increased use in society, i.e. in high-grade steel and in vanadium redox-flow batteries. Already today, the global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium is heavily impacted by human activities, and these impacts will probably increase. The total V concentration in the upper part of the Earth's crust, and in soils, is near 100 mg V kg(-1). Usually, the dissolved V concentration is low. In seawater the mean dissolved V concentration is 1.8 mu g L-1, and in freshwaters the concentration is commonly below 1 mu g L-1 although in areas with volcanic and sedimentary rocks it may be much higher, i.e. at the slopes of Mt. Etna, Italy, concentrations of up to 180 mu g V L-1 have been recorded.