Cage and field experiments as basis for the development of control strategies against Cacopsylla pruni, the vector of European Stone Fruit Yellows

摘要

The efficacy and the instant effect of 13 insecticides and antifeedants towards Cacopsylla pruni, the vector of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' were examined in cage studies (no choice experiments with 10 field-collected over-wintered adults per experiment) on potted apricot trees (budding trees under outdoor conditions in early spring and foliated seedlings kept at 21 degrees C). Cypermethrin caused 100% insect mortality within 2-4h, thiacloprid 90-100% mortality within 24h both on foliated and on budding trees. On budding trees spinosad led to 70-90% mortality within 24h, thixotropic white trunk paint to 90% mortality within 48h. On foliated seedlings flonicamid gave 70-100% mortality within 1 day, abamectin, spinosad, acetamiprid and spirotetramat 70-100% within 72h. Field studies monitoring the effects of thiacloprid on remigrants of C. pruni by yellow sticky traps were carried out in two apricot orchards. Additionally the influence of the insecticide on insect dispersal was examined by mark, release and recapture trials. As compared to the control thiacloprid significantly reduced the catches of naturally occurring and released insects, decreased the number of trees on which released insects were recaptured (by 25-100%) and shortened the migration distances of the released insects by more than half. Our results suggest that appropriate insecticide treatments both reduce C. pruni populations and have a direct effect on pathogen transmission. Application of Cypermethrin before bloom and thiacloprid after bloom seem best suited to achieve these objectives. Thixotropic white trunk paint could, a formulation for spray application provided, eventually be a sustainable alternative or complement for treatments before bloom.