Oxidative Stress and Decreased Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase 2 and Peroxiredoxins 1 and 4 Based Mechanism of Concurrent Activation of AMPK and mTOR in Alzheimer's Disease

摘要

Background: Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that metabolism dysfunction is involved in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One aspect of metabolic dysfunction includes dysregulation of adenosine monophosphate kinase protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) metabolic axis, which is extensively present in some of the leading causes of AD such as cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and brain ischaemic events. While the molecular basis underlying this metabolic dysregulation remains a significant challenge, mitochondrial dysfunction due to aging appears to be an essential factor to activate AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, leading to abnormal neuronal energy metabolism and AD pathology.