Economic and environmental optimization of nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for cereals in Norway.

摘要

Results of 240 annual N fertilizer trials in 1991-2007 in spring and winter cereals are presented. On average, spring barley and oat yields increased little beyond 120 kg N ha-1 in fertilizer. Somewhat higher figures were found for spring and winter wheat. Regression equations for yield and N uptakes in grain and straw were derived, related to N fertilizer input and the yield level in individual trials (indicator of yield expectancy). These equations accounted for 90% of the variation in yield and 80% of that in N uptake. Quadratic N responses were significant in all cases, as were interactions between N responses and yield level. They were verified with data from 27 separate trials performed in 2008-2010. The yield equations were used to calculate economically optimum N fertilizer levels with varying ratios of product price to fertilizer cost at contrasting levels of yield. The optimum N fertilizer level for barley and oats was found to increase by 8.3 kg N ha-1 per Mg increase in expected yield. The equivalent figure in wheat was 16.3 kg N ha-1. Optimum N fertilizer levels decreased by 4.1 and 6.7 kg N ha-1, for barley/oats and wheat respectively, per unit increase in the cost/price ratio. The equations for N uptake were used to calculate simple N balances between fertilizer input and removal in crop products. Large N surpluses were indicated at low levels of yield expectancy, but the surplus declined markedly with increasing yield level, despite greater N fertilizer inputs at high yield. Calculations made for national average yield levels in recent years showed N surpluses of 50-60 kg N ha-1 when only grain is removed and 25-40 kg N ha-1 when straw is removed also. Limiting N input to obtain zero balance reduces yields considerably at average levels of yield expectancy.