The review of possible interrelations between ionic conductivity, internal friction and the viscosity of glasses and glass forming melts within the framework of Maxwell equations

摘要

The review contains the results of application of Maxwell equations for mechanical relaxation and electrical conductivity, to the systematization of large amount of experimental data related to mechanical, viscous, and electrical properties of inorganic glasses and glass forming melts. The generalization of internal friction results shows the existence of characteristic values for the ratios of temperatures, responsible for α-, β- and ionic relaxations; they are independent on the frequency and chemical composition. This is the evidence for the main role of elastic deformations at various corpuscular processes and the existence of characteristic scale of activation barriers predetermined by local volumes of deformation. It is shown the possibility of very precise calculation of the temperature of "ionic" internal friction maximum for one-alkali oxide glasses directly from Maxwell equation and d.c. conductivity experimental data. The volumes of particles overcoming the potential barrier at viscous flow practically coincide with the results of direct structural determinations. The existence of universal relation between d.c. conductivity and viscosity for the extremely wide temperature intervals (Littleton relation) is proved for silicate and phosphate melts. The theory of this dependence is proposed. The results show the effectiveness of the attempts to unite the continual and discrete approaches within the framework of Maxwell equations to obtain the simplest understanding the mechanisms of different types of relaxation. The review comprises many Russian papers unknown in English scientific literature.