the atomic force microscope (AFM) and related nanomechanicla instruments have become fundamental tols for studying molecular,colloidal,and surface forces in physiological fluid environments down to the pN range.A key cojmponent of the AFM is the soft microfabricated cantilever force transducer and fine probe tip (with a typical end radius of R_TIP<50 nm_) that deflects when interacting with a sample surface.
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