Transient creep, aseismic damage and slow failure in Carrara marble deformed across the brittle-ductile transition

摘要

Two triaxial compression experiments were performed on Carrara marble at high confining pressure, in creep conditions across the brittle-ductile transition. During cataclastic deformation, elastic wave velocity decrease demonstrated damage accumulation (microcracks). Keeping differential stress constant and reducing normal stress induced transient creep events (i.e., fast accelerations in strain) due to the sudden increase of microcrack growth. Tertiary creep and brittle failure followed as damage came close to criticality. Coalescence and rupture propagation were slow ( 60 - 200 seconds with similar to 150 MPa stress drops and millimetric slips) and radiated little energy in the experimental frequency range (0.1 - 1 MHz). Microstructural analysis pointed out strong interactions between intra-crystalline plastic deformation ( twinning and dislocation glide) and brittle deformation (microcracking) at the macroscopic level. Our observations highlight the dependence of acoustic efficiency on the material's rheology, at least in the ultrasonic frequency range, and the role played by pore fluid diffusion as an incubation process for delayed failure triggering.