Considerable progress has been achieved in recent years in the whole field of blasting science and technology. This applies to explosives formulation, initiation systems and blast simulation through advanced numerical codes. The commercial explosives in the market today are not only generally cheaper and safer than before, but also more flexible in their applications, and also geared for easy transport and delivery into the boreholes in very large volumes. The theoretical treatment of detonation process under both ideal and non-ideal conditions are noteworthy, but they are still based on somewhat hypothetical situations. The actual variables that are essential parts of normal blasting practice have not yet been taken into account in such treatments. These include the various initiation practices employed to detonate a column of explosive, from single point initiation to multi-point initiation in blastholes, and the effect on detonation characteristics of both detonators and explosives under multi-deck and multi-hole blasting conditions. The in-the-hole VOD of an industrial explosive is dependent on explosive's charge diameter and borehole diameter.
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