Green synthesis and characterization of palladium nanoparticles and their catalytic performance for the efficient synthesis of biologically interesting di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones

摘要

A green method for biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using Artemisia annua leaf extracts is described. This synthetic strategy used is straightforward, robust, green, and cost-effective, and exhibits great potential of practical applications for biosynthesizing biologically interesting materials. The synthesized PdNPs were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy. The crystalline structure of PdNPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscope with energy dispersive spectra (TEM-EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis with size range from 20 to 30 nm (average similar to 20 nm). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that bioactive molecules were capped on the PdNPs and were completely degraded under high temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) implicated the role of polyols and carbonyl groups in the synthetic process. The synthesized PdNPs capped by bioactive molecules showed potent catalytic application for the synthesis of several di(indolyl) indolin-2-ones in high yield in aqueous medium. The catalyst was recycled five times without any significant loss of catalytic activity. (C) 2014 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.